Heat of Combustion free essay sample

Mapua Institute of Technology School of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Physical Chemistry I Experiment No. 6 Heat of Combustion Alain John Cantaa, Jefunnie Matahumb, Marife Comprac, Nino Adrian Rodelasa, a b Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering, Mapua Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Bachelor of Science in Biological Engineering and Chemistry, Mapua Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering c Bachelor of Science in Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Mapua Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Heat of combustion Calorimeter Aromaticity Relative energies Heat of formation Date submitted: March 02, 2013 ABSTRACT The heat of combustion, ? H, can be measured through a bomb calorimeter. It is the energy released as heat when a compound undergoes complete combustion with oxygen under standard conditions. The chemical reaction is typically a hydrocarbon reacting with oxygen to form carbon dioxide, water and heat. It may be expressed with the quantities: energy/mole of fuel (kJ/mol), energy/mass of fuel, energy/volume of fuel. We will write a custom essay sample on Heat of Combustion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The heat of combustion is conventionally measured with a bomb calorimeter. It may also be calculated as the difference between the heat of formation of the products and reactants. The experiment aimed to determine the heat of combustion of some hydrocarbons namely, benzoic acid, naphthalene, and sucrose and to be familiarized with calibration of bomb calorimeter. Parr 6200 Bomb Calorimeter, a device that measures heat of combustions of different compounds, and the Parr 6510 water handling system were used. The samples used were benzoic acid, naphthalene and sucrose. The results of the experiment showed that naphthalene has the highest heat of combustion followed by benzoic acid and sucrose, respectively. The analysis of the molecular structure of the samples found that increasing aromaticity of compounds yield to a higher enthalpy of combustion. Discussion of the relative energies of the bonds broken in combustion had contributed to the overall concept of the experiment. In general, the heat of combustion of a certain compound can be measured in a typical bomb calorimeter and aromaticity is directly proportional to the heat of combustion of a particular compound. . Introduction Combustion is the chemical term for a process known more commonly as burning. It is one of the earliest chemical changes noted by humans, due at least in part to the dramatic effects it has on materials. 1The mechanism by which combustion takes place is well understood and is more correctly defined as a form of oxidation. This oxidation occurs so rapidly that noticeable 1 Charles E. Smith heat and light are produced. In general, the term oxidation refers to any chemical reaction in which a substance reacts with oxygen. For example, when iron is exposed to air, it combines with oxygen in the air. That form of oxidation is known as rust. Combustion differs from rust in that the oxidation occurs much more rapidly, giving off heat in the process. The first law of thermodynamics is the application of the conservation of energy principle to heat and thermodynamic process where the change in internal energy is equal to the difference in heat added and work done by the system. When a chemical reaction occurs in an open container most of the energy gained or lost is in the form of heat. Calorimetry is the study of the measure of heat of both physical and chemical reaction. In a constant-volume calorimeter, the heat measured, qv is simply the internal energy of the system for no expansion work is done at constant volume. A calorimeter is the device used for the process of calorimetry. 3 There are many kinds of calorimeters namely the bomb calorimeter, the calvet-type calorimeter, the isothermal calorimeter, the differential scanning calorimeter and the constant-pressure calorimter. Calorimeters can measure heat changes and as well as heat constants such as heat of formation and heat of combustion. Heat of combustion or Hc is the energy released when one mole of a compound is reacted with oxygen, forming carbon dioxide and water as end products. Theoretically, the heat of combustion can be calculated using the heat of formation of the products and reactants or using the bond enthalpies bonds formed and broken. One of the most widely used calorimeters today, is the bomb calorimeter. 4 A bomb calorimeter is a type of constant volume device which makes the system isolated from the surroundings. It is an excellent device in measuring heat of chemical processes including the heat of combustion. The bomb calorimeter is used to completely burn substances to produce water and CO2 in an excess of oxygen. The heat of combustion released is absorbed by the calorimeter vessel in which the bomb is immersed, and results in a temperature increase ? T. The temperature measuring device in the bomb calorimeter, measures the heat change in the water. The bomb calorimeter uses the following equation to measure heat changes. Q? ?t * e m [1] where Q is the energy involved, ? t is the change in temperature of the system, e is the energy equivalent of the calorimeter, and m is the mass of the sample. In this type, the heat measured for the sample burned at constant volume, qv is the change in internal energy of the substance from its initial to final states. 1The enthalpy change, (the heat of combustion for this process) is related to the internal energy, by the equation below. 2 3 Physical Chemistry 4th edition Atkins Physical Chemistry 8th edition 4 Principles of Chemical Engineering. 7th Edition Page 2 of 11 The enthalpy of combustion can be calculated from the temperature rise, which results when the combustion reaction occurs under adiabatic conditions in a calorimeter. It is important that the reaction in the calorimeter take place rapidly and completely. The objectives of the experiment were to setup and use a bomb calorimeter as well as to obtain the value of the heat of combustion of some hydrocarbons namely, benzoic acid, naphthalene, and sucrose using the bomb calorimeter. and electric heater and has a precision electronic thermometer. Temperatures are measured with a high precision electronic thermometer using a specially designed thermistor sensor sealed in a stainless steel probe which is fixed in the calorimeter cover. Measurements are taken with 0. 0001o resolution over a 20oC to 40oC working range, with all readings shown in Celsius. It has a semi-automatic system for charging the bomb with oxygen. Oxygen from a commercial cylinder is connected to a microprocessor controlled solenoid installed in the calorimeter. In filling the bomb, the filling hose connector slips onto the bomb inlet valve. The filling proceeds automatically at a controlled rate to a pre-set pressure. 5 2. Materials and Methods 2. 1 Equipments used The equipments used were Parr 6200 Bomb Calorimeter and Parr 6510 Water Handling System.

Comparison of observation and sampling as methods of research

Comparison of observation and sampling as methods of research Introduction Research is the act of finding knowledge by such means as investigations so that facts can be established. Research variables are those individual empirical items that can take on different values. This work discusses two methodologies of research namely; observation and sampling.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Comparison of observation and sampling as methods of research specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Its main focus is the advantages and the disadvantages of each method in relation to the different techniques involved in each method. The techniques represent the multicultural aspects in relation to traditional research methods. Observation Observation is the act of receiving and recording data into the human senses or in scientific apparatus. It can also be defined as a method of receiving knowledge. The way a researcher looks at things, or any data that is collected from the field are also known as observations. Observation needs a rigorous preparation that also includes formulation of hypotheses (Educationforum, 2010). During a research operation, researchers has to ask themselves questions about a phenomenon, observe the phenomenon, hypothesize it, predict a logical sequence by extrapolation and inferences, test the hypothesis experimentally, and finalizing the process by making a conclusion based on the results of the test. From the above sequence, it is evident that observation plays a big role in the second and the fifth steps. Observation, as a way of research is classified into two techniques namely non participant and participant techniques. It is worth noting that the two methods can be used simultaneously. In the non participatory technique, the researcher does the observation but does not join the group in question. On the other hand, the researcher does the observation while joining the group in the participatory technique. One of the advantages of observa tion as a method of research is that it can generate data that is deviant. Despite these deviations that may render the data unreliable, a strong fact that makes the method useful is that the data is highly representative. The method can also be used to study a small population (Ngo, 2010). It is also applicable where interviews are quite expensive or untimely like during investigations that involve the emotional issues of toddlers. Another advantage of this method that seems to be quite obvious but often forgotten is that the researcher can study a particular group of population that other methods cannot be employed to study.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A particular behavioral pattern within a specified population can also be studied on a daily basis at specific localities (Ngo, 2010). In special instances, especially when using participatory techniques, a res earcher can obtain highly accurate data that is also very rich. Observation techniques do also have their own disadvantages. The findings of observed data can lack the aspect of reliability (Educationforum, 2010). The data may reflect that of superficial observations and this method can only investigate a small number of population at a time. According to recent studies, during these investigations, a researcher may influence the population in question to behave differently. Other disadvantages of observation as a method of research include fatigue of the researcher due to high involvement, presence of ethical problems particularly when dealing with a population that engages in illegal activities and the misrepresentation of data during non participatory observation. Sampling A sample is a single item within a large population of reference. Samples are usually used when the individual items in the population are too numerous in number to count or the main item of reference is too hu ge to investigate. It is through the collected samples that a researcher can find the desired details that they can use to make inferences. Sampling is the process whereby a sample of a particular population is studied for further details and inferences and extrapolations made to the specified population. There are many different types of sampling depending on the method of classification, for instance, there are random samples and nonrandom samples. Sampling employs different techniques that include, simple random, stratified random, cluster, stage, purposive, quota, snowball, volunteers, accidental, and convenience. Their advantages range from one sample to another. However, compared to research methods such as observation, their advantages seem to be following a general trend. Even the disadvantages behave in a similar manner. Thus, the main advantages are that some techniques of sampling are highly representative especially the simple random. Specific groups are usually represen ted and the methods used ensure that much localized populations are not missed. Sampling also ensures that there is a balance of group sizes especially if the investigations include the selection of multiple groups.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Comparison of observation and sampling as methods of research specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In specific sampling methods such as quota method, there is a certainty in precise selection of numbers of the items in questions, which have appropriate characteristics. Sampling also offers the opportunity to investigate a group in which no identifiable clusters exist. Last but not least, sampling is an inexpensive way that can be viewed in terms of economies of scale. This means that a researcher can investigate sufficient numbers of a study using fewer resources. At the same time sampling in general is more reliable since the sample data collected from the selected s amples makes room for a quick inference on the population parameters (Emathzone, 2008). This method also has its own disadvantages. Most specific sampling techniques such as simple random are not possible to execute without a complete set of population members. At the same time, these methods are not quite economical to achieve and may involve a lot of time. Other sampling techniques such as stratified random, are pretty demanding in terms of effort. They also require a more careful definition of strata. Sampling as a method of research demands a lot of care in choosing the techniques. A researcher has to be careful in the choice such that the technique used should be the most appropriate and at the same time economical in terms of resources and time. Stage sampling is pretty complex because it combines limitations of cluster and stratified random sampling (Emathzone, 2008). In the purposive technique, samples are not easily defensible as being representative of the entire populatio n in question. This is because there may be an element of subjectivity operating within the researcher’s mind and their specific operations. In some instances, it may not be possible to prove whether the sample is representative of the population in question. Good examples of this are the quota and the snowball techniques (Educationforum, 2010). Another disadvantage of sampling, especially when using the volunteer, accidental and convenience technique is that the method can be highly unrepresentative Conclusion The above research methodologies can be useful in executing research projects that involve different sizes of population. Sampling can be used to investigate large populations while observation is used to investigate particular features in small populations.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The advantages of both methods seem to compliment such that one method steps in where the other method is not applicable. This phenomenon is also appropriately related to their disadvantages. Reference List Educationforum, (2010). Research Methods: Observation. Web. Emathzone, (2008). Sample Survey and Advantages of Sampling. Web. Ngo, D. (2010). Observation Methods. Web.

Identifying a Social Problem, the Consequences to Society caused by Essay

Identifying a Social Problem, the Consequences to Society caused by it, and a possible Solution to the problem - Essay Example It includes sustained low levels of income for members of a community. It includes a lack of access to services like education, markets, health care, lack of decision making ability, and lack of communal facilities like water, sanitation, roads, transportation, and communications.† It is social in nature because it permeates the smallest unit of every society – the individual in the family and affects his interrelationships with other members of his social class. Because children, as victims of neglect due to the inability of parents to support and sustain their needs, instead of being productive members of society when they grow up, there is a tendency for maladjusted behaviors compromising potentials for revenues for the society; therefore, society needs to address five factors contributory to poverty such as ignorance, apathy, disease, dishonesty and dependency. There are many negative consequences to society relating to the issue of poverty, such as: lack of access t o education, unemployment, inability to access health care, inaccessibility to public utilities and resources. A large portion of the underprivileged and the poor are women without husbands, the old, children, unskilled, and disabled people with physical handicaps and severe mental condition. Due to the inability of parents to support and sustain the children’s needs, children of poor families are deemed neglected and abused. According to the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA), child abuse and neglect is defined as â€Å"any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker, which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse, or exploitation, or an act or failure to act which presents an imminent risk of serious harm† (USDHHS, par. 1). In a related research published by the NSPCC, the information from the report reveals that children of impoverished families are recipients of negative outcomes, such as: poor health, i ncreased tendencies for early death, illness or accident, inability to attend proper educational instructions, higher propensities for criminal activities, or increased tendencies to be crime victims (NSPCC, 2). The long term effects of child neglect are suffered by society in terms of shouldering direct costs local agencies spending more in terms of providing services for child welfare programs, legal advice, and provision of health care (NAIC, 3). In addition, society is likewise affected indirectly through supporting and sustaining expenses for mental illness, drug abuse, criminal activity, loss of productivity due to underemployment and unemployment, and increased use of health care systems (NAIC, 3). This simply means that society shoulders direct expenses from welfare, health and legal programs of poor families. On the other hand, when children of poor parents could not afford to give them proper education, they turn out to perform lower and terms of employment and could have greater tendencies to commit crime. In this regard, society through state and federal authorities must enact and collaborate towards eliminating the root causes of poverty to address the ills identified linking poverty to child maltreatment and neglect. As proposed by Bartle, as poverty

Nigeria issue report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nigeria issue report - Research Paper Example existing there. The majority however, remains Muslims in the north and Christians in the south. From the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries, Nigeria built its forts in the areas of economics through regional and international trade, and on agrarian bases. However, the major part of her trade was in slaves. In the 1700s, Nigeria was ridden with the slave trade. Slaves from there were taken to Britain for trade. â€Å"Between 1798 and 1847, 4,300,000 slaves were taken from West Africa of which, the English were chiefly responsible† (African Affairs). This trade slave gave Nigeria revenue which they badly needed then. However, it was the British who abolished cross-border trade in slaves in 1807 that this trade took a hit in Africa, and subsequently, in Nigeria. Nonetheless, slave trade was still an integral part of Nigerian economy, according to Heaton and Falola, in their book, ‘A History of Nigeria’. The Nigerian region was vastly dependent on this slave trade for their economic wealth and political stability, as the leaders used the trade of slaves to promote their campaigns† (Falola). After Great Britain’s fight against human trade, Nigeria shifted to trading products such as spices, palm oil, etc. However, slavery was not wiped out as soon as the 1807 act was passed. The British gained power over the Subcontinent through the East India Company. The same tactic was adopted in Nigeria, where the Royal Niger Company was under the command of the British Government. â€Å"While its existence was of a short period, it played a pivotal role in helping the British take control of Nigeria† (Falola). According to Heaton’s and Falola’s research, Nigeria became part of the British Empire in 1901. The British ruled over Nigeria with their motto the same as in all the other countries that were colonized by them; divide and conquer. Nigeria was ruled as two separate regions, Northern and Southern

Quiz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Quiz - Essay Example The Third Reich’s objective, according to Hitler in 1940, was to transform the entirety of Western Europe by radically transforming it into the Nazi Herrenvolk—the living space of the Nazi Master Race. READ: http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm #16: When he first became Chancellor of Germany in the early 1930’s, Hitler declared Christianity was the foundation of German society. He spent the rest of his life promoting National Socialism which was hostile towards religion, he eroded the rights of all churches, persecuted the Jewish people, gradually began to suppress the rights of evangelical Christians and Catholics—ending denominational and youth organizations, prohibiting denominational schools, and widely defaming and imprisoning clergy of the Christian church who refused to be silent about the truth. #20: Hitler solved the Jewish question with the â€Å"Final Solution†, not only in Germany, but across Western Europe. He makes this statement as if he were speaking from a table in a country that is not at war, which is not taking over other countries, with plans to take over even more. Every country occupied by the Third Reich, saw imprisonment, repression and extermination of the Jewish citizens who lived there. In a speech in 1939 he said, â€Å"Workers of all classes and of all nations, recognize your common enemy! The common enemy was the Jewish race. READ:http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/hitjew.html #24: The context of this statement was in relation to research remaining free of any state restrictions. In that context I agree with the statement. Taken out of context, truth can be evil; especially in relation to Hitler’s views that his was the only truth when it came to the promotion of National Socialism and the eradication of the Jewish people. #26: I find this surprising given the fact that Hitler hated America and all things American. In one conversation he ridiculed America’s reliance on

Fluid Dynamics In Gas Oil Industry Engineering Essay

Fluid Dynamics In Gas Oil Industry Engineering Essay Now days, many oil and gas companies are utilizing the predictive capabilities of the fluid flow-modeling software. CFD also called computational fluid dynamics is that branch of fluid mechanics which uses the algorithms and numerical methods for solving the real-life problems involve in fluid flow. Computational fluid dynamics gives engineers and researchers a powerful simulation tool, which helps them in understanding the performance and design of the petroleum reservoir. The application of CFD ranges from designing of reservoir injector to drilling and production of petroleum. CFD currently finds its applications in onshore, offshore and in sub-sea areas. This computer software helps the engineer to perform the numerical experiments, and thus reduces the cost and time involved in making prototype design programs. The Fluent, a CFD software package helps in stimulating the flows involve in single and multiple phases, either use with or without transfer of heat and mass (Das, 2010). This report is based on role of Fluid Mechanics in the Gas-Oil Industries. Fluid mechanics is an important field of mechanics, theories and principals of fluid mechanics play an impressive role on industrial level. In this report industrial application of fluid mechanics are brought in light. This report discusses the concept of fluid mechanics also called computational fluid dynamics that has varied applications in oil gas industry. Various principals, theories and laws are discussed with the area and industrial processes, where these laws and theories are used. It is a well-known fact that technology and industry works together, industries cannot sustain without the technology. This report plays a great role in bringing the concept of technological dependence of the industry by studying the application of fluid mechanics in the oil gas industry. Almost all the companies in the oil gas industry bring computational fluid mechanics and its simulation techniques in use for their effect ive and efficient operation. Fluid mechanics aids these companies not only for effective production techniques but also in risk management and maintenance. On the industrial level the simulation software for fluid mechanics are introduced which are much popular. This software provides the virtual environment to work, through which the computations and various decisions can be taken efficiently which saves time of testing. Fluid mechanics is also a research area in which the research is going in order to find new knowledge. As this knowledge has great industrial application and use, companies are also seemed to invest in research and development of this field. These companies mostly belong to oil gas industry. Oil gas companies are engaged in the operation on raw oil or gas petroleum products as raw material after processing this as raw material it produces more refined form. Oil and gas are fluid material therefore fluid mechanics is most important part of operation in this industry . This report is divided into three sections, first section gives introduction about the fluid mechanics and computational fluid dynamics, second section is literature review which explains the theories of fluid dynamics and also the application of CFD in petroleum industry, the and third section concludes the overall report. Literature Review Fluid mechanics treats gases as fluid; according to mechanics anything that can flow physically from one place to another in medium is called fluid. In oil gas industry the fluid mechanics is used in the operations like measurement, flow control, pressure control and flow speed detection etc. On the same time at the places where the operations which involves heating of gases also fluid mechanics is used because on heating the gases expands and hence the pressure increases, at this time this pressure is compare against the pressure tolerance of the container in order to avoid accidents. Here various studies and results are discussed in group (Menon, 2005). Properties Properties of the fluid are most basic concept of the fluid mechanics used in the oil gas industry. These theories are not used alone but for any application it is used on basic level. It helps in measuring the amount of oil and gases. Also helps by characterizing gases by which the identification of the oil and gas becomes easy and comfortable. And the properties which are discussed here deals with storing the oil and gas. At the time of storing oil and gases measures like pressure at which the Mass Volume Density Mass, volume and density are the three most basic and fundamental properties of fluid. On the behalf of which the quantity and amount of matter contained in the specific volume is measured, on the same time unique set of values, these properties at given temperature characterizes fluid. Temperature term is used because the fluids are shrinks and expands with the volume; hence the set of values of these properties varies with time. The relationship among these properties is defined as: Eq. 1 Density = Mass / Volume Viscosity There are some more properties of the fluid like viscosity; viscosity is the friction force (which one surface offers to another surface in contact with it in order to resist its motion) offered by one layer of fluid on another during the flow. It is related to fluid flow. Ideal Gas It is the concept which is not practical but theoretical forms the model for any kind of gas. It is defined in terms of an equation known as ideal equation. It is for the ideal gas but we know that concept of ideal gas is hypothetical and no gas is ideal. The ideal gas equation is used with some correction for real gases called real gas equation. Eq. 2 P * V = n * R * T (ideal gas equation) Eq. 3 P * V = K* n * R * T (real gas equation) Where: P = pressure, V = volume, n = number of moles of gas, R = ideal gas constant, T = temperature and K = real gas constant (it varies according to gas) Flow control Flow is fundamental property of the fluid, in oil gas industry it is important due to some reasons like both oil and gas flows, other than storing the oil and gas the transportation of oil and gas is also the challenge for this industry sometimes for the transportation of the oil pipeline is considered economical in this situation oil and gases are transported through pipelines. In this scenario the speed and viscosity plays an important role. The amount of oil and gases are measured during the flow also. For the flow pressure is also required because in order to make the liquid flow from one place to another potential difference is also required, many times this potential difference is provided by the gravity but it is the best and ideal case. In real world it is not possible so this potential difference is introduced using pressure difference, at this time this pressure is need to be managed in order to prevent damage to the pipeline in this mode of oil gas transportation the risk of damage to pipeline is high and hazardous. For the flow of fluid there are several principles and theories which have wide variety of application in oil gas industry. These flow control and management theories are not only used in transportation of the fluid but there are some more operations where these theories are implemented. Application of Computational Fluid Dynamics in Gas Oil Industry Computational Fluid dynamics is used in wide variety of industries and disciplines which includes automotive, aerospace, power generation, medical research, petroleum exploration, chemical manufacturing etc. Use of Computational Fluid dynamics let to reduction in the cost of process development and production. Computational Fluid dynamics also led to optimization of processes and activities of these industries by reducing down time. In these industries requirements of physical needs are decreased, increased yields and conversions, time to market is shortened and resolution of environment is facilitated due to Computational Fluid Dynamics. Computational Fluid dynamics also have very large potential impact on oil and gas industries because the equation of motion used by Computational fluid dynamics provides everything which is meaningful to understand the domain completely. In oil gas industries, chemical engineers usually use Computational fluid dynamics to make assumption in the pip ing and process units. These assumptions lead to great simplification of complex equation of motion. With the help of Fluid dynamics, Gas oil industries make assumption for the material that is going to be used in the chemical reactors (Sweden, 2005). The computer software called Fluent, which helps the engineer to perform the numerical experiments, and thus reduces the cost and time involved in making prototype design programs. It is based on the concepts of Computational Fluid Dynamics, helps in stimulating the flows involve in single and multiple phases, either use with or without transfer of heat and mass Conclusion Technology and industry works parallel, industries depends on the technology up to a large extent for its functioning. The engineering products like researches, theories, principals and instruments play a vital role in smooth functioning of this industry. Due to these tools provided by the technical field the operations of an industry becomes effective and efficient. Any industry depends up on these tools for its growth and speeding up its production on the technology. If specific parts of the technology are considered each part plays its own role in industry depending upon the type of industry. Mechanical engineering has its own place in all the industries, mechanics is further divided into various categories, and fluid mechanics which is part of mechanics plays an important role in oil and gas industry. Because this industry deals with fluid as both oil and gas are fluids. Various principals of fluid mechanics are used by the companies of this industry. These theories and principal s are used for carrying out large calculation, making strategy and designing setups. The capacity of containers and machines are guessed on the basis of various laws of fluid mechanics. From measurement of amount of oil and gas to its transportation form one place to another fluid mechanics is involved in this industry. The storing of the oil is comparatively easy task but storage of gas is difficult task, here the fluid mechanics plays the real role. Other than storage transportation of the oil and gas through the pipeline which is most popular and economical way of transportation, makes use of many flow related fluid mechanics principals. In case of pipeline the speed of the flow matters which is measured using variety of laws in which Bernoullià ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s equation and theorem is more popular than other. Using the speed and the density of the oil flowing volume and its amount can be easily calculated. In this pipeline method the pressure difference is creat ed between source and destination. This pressure difference is required in order to make the oil flow because in long distance transportation one cannot rely upon the gravitational potential difference. This pressure sometimes creates challenges and in order to overcome these challenges the fluid mechanics again comes in role. In oil and gas industry speed of flow which is dependent on the viscous nature of oil and gas which is considered as friction force between the layers of liquid plays important role as due to this force energy is released. In this way the role of fluid mechanics which is very important in the oil and gas industry is clear. The oil and gas industry of which the raw and finish product, both are fluid in nature fluid mechanics is an essential tool. In order to improve productivity the industry needs to develop more knowledge in this field. For this purpose the research is required in this field.

The Importance of the Wallpaper in The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Pe

The Importance of the Wallpaper in The Yellow Wallpaper      Ã‚  Ã‚   "The Yellow Wallpaper" takes a close look at one woman's mental deterioration. The narrator is emotionally isolated from her husband. Due to the lack of interaction with other people the woman befriends the reader by secretively communicating her story in a diary format. Her attitude towards the wallpaper is openly hostile at the beginning, but ends with an intimate and liberating connection. During the gradual change in the relationship between the narrator and the wallpaper, the yellow paper becomes a mirror, reflecting the process the woman is going through in her room.   Ã‚  Ã‚   When the narrator first sees the paper she is repulsed by the shade and the pattern. It is something she hates and yet she cannot ignore it. The "repellent" and "repulsive" paper soon becomes the topic of her journal entries. The first personification of the wallpaper is when she notices where the pattern "lolls like a broken neck and two bulbous eyes stare at you upside down"..."I never saw so much expression in an inanimate thing before". This indicates that, just as John and Jennie watch her, the paper appears to be watching her too. She speaks of the paper as another presence in the room. The reader can see that the paper is starting to become more fascinating to her than the outside world when her attention to the view of the countryside abruptly switches back to the wallpaper. As she becomes more isolated in the room her thoughts are filled with the design of the paper almost as if she is studying it. "I know a little of the principle of design, and I know this thi ng was not arranged on any laws of radiation, or alternation, or repetition, or symmetry, or anything else that I ev... ...   Ã‚  Ã‚   Kennedy and Dana Gioia. 6th ed. New York: Harper Collins, 1995. 424-36. Hume, Beverly A. â€Å"Gilman’s Interminable Grotesque’: The Narrator of ‘The Yellow Wallpaper.’† Studies in Short Fiction 28.4 (1991):477-84. Johnson, Greg. â€Å"Gilman’s Gothic Allegory: Rage and Redemption in ‘The Yellow Wallpaper.’† Studies in Short Fiction 26.4 (1989):521-30. King, Jeannette and Pam Morris. â€Å"On Not Reading between the Lines: Models of Reading in ‘The Yellow Wallpaper.’† Studies in Short Fiction 26.1 (1989): 23-32. Owens, E. Suzanne. â€Å"The Ghostly Double behind the Wallpaper in Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s ‘The Yellow Wallpaper.’†   Ã‚  Ã‚   Haunting the House of Fiction. Ed. Lynette Carpenter and Wendy K. Kolmar. Knoxville: U of Tennessee P, 1991 64-79. Scharnhorst, Gary. â€Å"‘The Yellow Wallpaper.’† Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Boston: Twayne, 1985. 15-20.   

Discussion of the theoretical and practical implications

criminology school of interpretation of crime The focal point of this paper is to present a discussion on the theoretical and practical implications under Marxist criminology school of interpretation of crime. This is to identify and evaluate the basic perception of crime from a perception of the Marxist philosophy. It can well be ascertained that Critical Criminology is moving on towards a new school of perception that originated during the advent of the 1990s. Under this parameter Marxism is completely excluded as it is regarded as element of the old school by the new interpreters of criminology. However, it can also be mentioned that in spite of this theoretical shift in a fundamental sense Marxism is still a useful medium of interpretation of state intervention of crime along with ascertaining criminal justice system and crime analysis. It would be interesting to know that according to Stuart Russell, â€Å"as the hallucinatory effects of postmodernism wear off along with the illusions many still harbour that capitalism has a future, Marxism will once again be able to play the pivotal role it rightfully deserves in Critical Criminology.† (Russell, 130, 2) In the same context it is relevant to mention that though the method of analysis and class division interpretation system is an effective measure of evaluation of crime with capital based approach of breakdown of problems, Marxism, however, lacks the current up gradation needed for the 21st century. At the same time it is important to juxtapose the basic principals of other school of philosophies with the basic philosophies of Marxism to harvest better result in the overall sense. Thus a combination of Post-Critical Criminology and new Critical Criminology could be extremely fruitful in this context. (Kar, 241, 3-4) On the other hand the ideas of Regina Austin can also be taken into consideration where it is argued that there are certain racial inequalities within the judiciary system. Regina Austin mentions that the basic problem starts with the discriminating act by the government and this discrimination by the law ultimately leads to the point when the deprived community starts disobeying the law or judiciary system altogether as they bear little or no faith in the system. (Austin, 301, 2) it can be well ascertained that with the application of Marxist criminology this part of the unwanted judiciary system can well be eradicated. Thus the importance of Marxist philosophy within the parameters of criminology remains relevant till date and it would be most helpful to depend on the perception of Marxism in this context of studies. (Lamb, 32, 1) In the conclusion it would be relevant to quote Stuart Russell who mentions that â€Å"despite the cynical pronouncements of those who have prematurely buried Marxism, there is great hope for the future of Marxism in Critical Criminology.† (Russell, 130, 2) It is true that the relevance of Marxism in the field of Critical Criminology is yet to be utilized in its full extent but with better formulation and updated interpretation it is possible to reach its optimum point with positive impacts. However, it should also be noted that the formulation should be done with proper methodology that should be based upon the initial affirmative concepts of Marxism with proper implementation and alignment with the 21st century. (King, 143, 5) References: Russell, Stuart; The Continuing Relevance of Marxism to Critical Criminology; Critical criminology, Vol.11, No.2 (May) 2002. Richmond, BC: American Society of Criminology, Division on Critical Criminology, c1996-. pp.113-135. Austin, Regina; â€Å"The Black Community†, Its Lawbreakers, and a Politics of Identification; Critical race theory: the cutting edge / edited by Richard Delgado. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995. Pp.293-303. Kar, P; History of Psychology and related application of Psychology; Dasgupta & Chatterjee. 2006. Pg. 241 King, H; Criminology Today; HBT & Brooks Ltd. 2001. Pg. 143 Lamb, Davis; Cult to Culture: The Development of Civilization on the Strategic Strata; National Book Trust. 2004. Pg. 32 (I am unable to use the third pdf article as it has been found to be decoded wrongly or is corrupted- as there is very little time to communicate and rectify I am giving it a go with the existing 2 pdfs. Plus I have incorporated 3 more books to defend the paper)

Highschool Education and General Idea Essay

Highschool Education and General Idea Essay Highschool: Education and General Idea Essay High school is crazy but so am I. I’ve got a lot of qualities and a general idea of high school plus some education goals for the year that I hope I am able to achieve. First of all, I have a lot of good and bad personal qualities. Some good ones are that im a great learner and I always have been since I was little. I tend to catch on to things really quickly so that helps me to do really well in all of my classes. Some bad qualities that I have are that I can’t really pay attention in class to well I, im a really bad test taker and a lot of the time I don’t do homework when I need to. Next, I have set a couple of education goals for myself this year so I will be able to succeed. This year in school I am striving to do well so that im able to go to the college that I want to go to when I finish high school. School is really important for you to be able to go somewhere in life, school is a great place to learn people skills and the other life lessons. Finally, my outlook on high school is that it is very important for us to attend every day and actually learn something so that you wont have to live in your parent’s basement when you finish school. School isn’t just here to torcher you everyday with boring lessons it here to help us achieve educational goals so we can succeed in something. School is going to be fun yet crazy at the same time it will be a big learning experience! I have tones of good qualities and some bad, a general idea of high school is

Free Essays on Affects Of Divorce On Children

Divorce is becoming an ever present problem in the developing world. Most societies accept the fact that where there is marriage there is divorce, and ours is no different. When one thinks of divorce they no longer think of torn families and broken promises, but lawsuits and child support. Statistics show that in the United States, one out of every two marriages ends in divorce. These climbing rates are alarming. They suggest a divorce epidemic in society today. This epidemic brings upon new economic problems such as the increasing number of single mothers on welfare, but the real concern should be focused on the children involved. Research has looked into the effects divorce has on child and it has been statically proven that a failed marriage brings upon a noticeable affect on the child involved. For many children, the news that their parents are splitting up comes as a complete surprise. Many parents fail to explain to their children what is happening, either because they are too upset, or to relieved to notice the child’s perspective. Many parents are also unequipped to handle the psychological aspects, often treating all children the same despite age. The fact of the matter is age often determines how divorce will affect the kids. Very young children, under the age of three, often don’t understand what is going on. Those a bit older often feel they are to blame, and are afraid of losing the other parent. They cling to their parent, have nightmares, and need endless reassurance. Younger children tend to fantasize a great deal about their parents getting back together whereas for older children, it is a different perspective. Preadolescent children often fail to see divorce as a logical solution and feel that their parents should stay together. For adolescents, divorce may be seen as a relief in some instances, however there is pain. Research indicates, and experts agree that divorce is a very painful transition in ... Free Essays on Affects Of Divorce On Children Free Essays on Affects Of Divorce On Children Divorce is becoming an ever present problem in the developing world. Most societies accept the fact that where there is marriage there is divorce, and ours is no different. When one thinks of divorce they no longer think of torn families and broken promises, but lawsuits and child support. Statistics show that in the United States, one out of every two marriages ends in divorce. These climbing rates are alarming. They suggest a divorce epidemic in society today. This epidemic brings upon new economic problems such as the increasing number of single mothers on welfare, but the real concern should be focused on the children involved. Research has looked into the effects divorce has on child and it has been statically proven that a failed marriage brings upon a noticeable affect on the child involved. For many children, the news that their parents are splitting up comes as a complete surprise. Many parents fail to explain to their children what is happening, either because they are too upset, or to relieved to notice the child’s perspective. Many parents are also unequipped to handle the psychological aspects, often treating all children the same despite age. The fact of the matter is age often determines how divorce will affect the kids. Very young children, under the age of three, often don’t understand what is going on. Those a bit older often feel they are to blame, and are afraid of losing the other parent. They cling to their parent, have nightmares, and need endless reassurance. Younger children tend to fantasize a great deal about their parents getting back together whereas for older children, it is a different perspective. Preadolescent children often fail to see divorce as a logical solution and feel that their parents should stay together. For adolescents, divorce may be seen as a relief in some instances, however there is pain. Research indicates, and experts agree that divorce is a very painful transition in ...

Week 3 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Week 3 - Research Paper Example Managers can distinguish motivational problem from other factors by measuring the level of employee motivation and commitment. Managers can measure employee motivation and commitment only by analyzing employees’ productivity. If the current graph of employees’ productivity is low as compared to earlier graphs, it means that employees are less motivated than before. In such situations, managers need to investigate the reasons that affected the graph of employee motivation. Upon knowing the reasons, managers can work towards resolving such issues that caused a downturn in the employee motivation graph. Some of the main reasons that affect employee motivation include poor service structure, no incentive program, ineffective leadership, less influence of managers, and less chances of job promotion. All of the above-mentioned reasons have a close association with employee motivation. Neglecting any of those factors adversely affects overall employee performance. For example, if a company does not offer an attractive incentive plan to its employees, employees of that company become less enthusiastic with the passage of time and eventually drop their level of performance. Similarly, in such companies where managers have less influence on employees or where leaders are not able to inject passion and enthusiasm in employees, managers often observe poor job performances because there is no one there to motivate and encourage employees for the achievement of goals. Summing it up, we can say that managers can distinguish motivational problems from other factors that affect an individual’s performance by measuring the level of employee motivation and commitment. Managers need to investigate all such issues that have a direct association with employee motivation in order to improve employee motivation and employees’ performances. Role of managers and clinical leaders is critical in improving

The Lovely Bone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Lovely Bone - Essay Example The story is set in Pennsylvania where Susie is returning home through a shortcut. Near the cornfield she finds a shelter made by Mr. Harvey who rapes and kills her. Three days later her elbow bone is found by the detective, Len Fenerman who tells this to her parents. Other evidences are found as Susie continues to watch her murderer from the heaven. After Susie’s father meets Mr. Harvey few days after her death, he begins suspecting him and tells his detective. Susie watches everything from haven including her sister Lindsey who breaks into Mr. Harvey’s house for evidence. Mr. Harvey who now fears he will get caught escapes the town. The case comes to an end as the detective is unable to solve it. Mr. Harvey dies in the end by falling into a crevice. Major changes occur after Susie’s death as her family starts to accept her death. Her parents are extremely sad at their loss and Susie’s father is convinced that Mr. Harvey has killed his daughter. Meanwhile Susie is watching all of this from heaven. Jack Salmon, who wants to find solid evidence against Jack sends Susie’s sister Lindsey to Mr. Harvey’s house upon which she finds evidence. The family starts drifting apart as Susie’s mother, Abigail has an affair with the detective to her murder case. Abigail leaves her family and goes to live in California. Lindsey grows up and starts a relationship with Samuel. Susie’s grandmother also comes to live in with her father. Jack still does not overcome the anxiety caused by Susie’s loss at which Susie’s brother Buckley tells Jack to focus on him too. After Jack gets a heart attack where Abigail comes to meet him and falls in love with him again. Towards the end, the family is reuni ted. Even upon finding no solid evidence against Mr. Harvey initially, Jack is very confident that he is guilty. Jack seems to be too much focused on Susie’s death that it overtakes his life and he can only concentrate on Mr. Harvey which